A Study on the Positive and Negative Impacts of Social Stratification in Urban and Rural Areas

Human beings are identical to this point as their physical shape is involved. however the physical look of individuals, their intellectual, ethical, philosophical, intellectual, economic, religious, political and other factors are specific. No two individuals are precisely alike. diversity and inequality are inherent in society. subsequently, human society is everywhere stratified. All societies arrange their individuals in terms of superiority, inferiority, and equality. The verti­cal scale of evaluation, this placing of people in strata, or layers, is referred to as stratification. the ones inside the top stratum have more strength, privilege and prestige than those below. individuals of a group examine fluctuatent people, as while selecting a mate, or employing a worker, or dealing with a neighbour, or growing friendship with an man or woman.They also evaluate organisations consisting of castes, races, schools, cities, athletic groups. those comparisons are valuations, and when contributors of a collection agree, those decisions are social evaluations. All societies differentiate participants in terms of roles and all societies evaluate roles in another way. some roles are seemed as more critical or socially extra precious than others.The humans who perform the extra fantastically esteemed roles are rewarded more notably. Thus stratification is existed between human beings

Reachability Based Web Page Ranking Using Wavelets

AbstractA naïve approach has been made by applying the concept of reachability for web page ranking and implementing multi resolution analysis using Haar wavelet to order the web pages. In this article, page ranking has been done by developing a structured signal using in links, out links and reachability values of the web pages of network graphs. Using Haar wavelet, the page ranking is proposed and developed. The average and detailed coefficients of the input signal and the down sampling process provides the necessary page ranking of web pages. This approach does not involve any iterative technique, damping factor or initialization of the page ranks. In this paper, comparison between the original page rank, category-based page rank and the proposed approach have been made. The result reflects the role of paths between the pages in page rankings

NETWORK FLOW WITH FUZZY ARC LENGTHS USING HAAR RANKING

ABSTRACT Shortest path problem is a classical and the most widely studied phenomenon in combinatorial optimization. In a classical shortest path problem, the distance of the arcs between different nodes of a network are assumed to be certain. In some uncertain situations, the distance will be calculated as a fuzzy number depending on the number of parameters considered. This article proposes a new approach based on Haar ranking of fuzzy numbers to find the shortest path between nodes of a given network. The combination of Haar ranking and the well-known Dijkstra's algorithm for finding the shortest path have been used to identify the shortest path between given nodes of a network. The numerical examples ensure the feasibility and validity of the proposed method

Path Planning Optimization for Agricultural Spraying Robots Using Hybrid Dragonfly – Cuckoo Search Algorithm

Finding collision-free paths and optimized path coverage over an agricultural landscape has been a critical research problem among scientists and researchers over the years. Key precision farming strategies such as seeding, spraying fertilizers, and harvesting require special path planning techniques for efficient operations and will directly influence reducing the running cost of the farm. The main objective of this research work is to generate an optimized sequential route in an agricultural landscape with the nominal distance. In this proposed work, a novel Hybrid Dragonfly – Cuckoo Search algorithm is proposed and implemented to generate the sequential route for achieving spraying applications in greenhouse environments. Here the agricultural routing problem is expressed as a Travelling Salesman Problem, and the simulations are performed to find the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. The proposed algorithm has generated better results when compared with other computational techniques such as PSO in terms of both solution quality and computational efficiency

MOMP from Campylobacter jejuni Is a Trimer of 18-Stranded β-Barrel Monomers with a Ca²⁺ Ion Bound at the Constriction Zone

The Gram-negative organism Campylobacter jejuni is the major cause of food poisoning. Unlike Escherichia coli, which has two major porins, OmpC and OmpF, C. jejuni has one, termed major outer membrane protein (MOMP) through which nutrients and antibiotics transit. We report the 2.1-Å crystal structure of C. jejuni MOMP expressed in E. coli and a lower resolution but otherwise identical structure purified directly from C. jejuni. The 2.1-Å resolution structure of recombinant MOMP showed that although the protein has timeric arrangement similar to OmpC, it is an 18-stranded, not 16-stranded, β-barrel. The structure has identified a Ca²⁺ bound at the constriction zone, which is functionally significant as suggested by molecular dynamics and single-channel experiments. The water-filled channel of MOMP has a narrow constriction zone, and single-molecule studies show a monomeric conductivity of 0.7 ± 0.2 nS and a trimeric conductance of 2.2 ± 0.2 nS. The ion neutralizes negative charges at the constriction zone, reducing the transverse electric field and reversing ion selectivity. Modeling of the transit of ciprofloxacin, an antibiotic of choice for treating Campylobacter infection, through the pore of MOMP reveals a trajectory that is dependent upon the presence metal ion

ICAR: endoscopic skull‐base surgery

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Am J Prev Med

CC999999/Intramural CDC HHS/United States2017-02-19T00:00:00Z26456878PMC531651